THE MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV-1 IN 2025

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In Africa, it is estimated that more than 20 million people are living with HIV/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and that more than 730,000 new HIV-1 infections still occur each year, likely due to low access to testing.
During HIV-1 entry into target cells, binding of the virus to host receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, triggers serial conformational changes in the envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer that result in the fusion of the viral and cell membranes.
HIV-1, which traces its origins from the area around the Congo Basin in Africa, is the most prevalent strain globally. It is responsible for about 95% of all HIV infections. HIV-2 is mostly found in west Africa, though it also affects a small number of people in Europe, India and the United States.
HIV-1 virions contain two copies of a single-stranded RNA genome within a conical capsid surrounded by a plasma membrane of host-cell origin containing viral envelope proteins.
Molecular epidemiology of viral infections Molecular epidemiology is the integration of epidemiology, the study of the distribution and risk factors of disease, and molecular biology, the study of biological diversity and processes at the molecular level.
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The HIV-1 genome is approximately 9,200 to 9,600 nucleotides and is flanked at both ends by long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences. There are 9 protein-coding viral genes encoded by overlapping reading frames: gag, pol, vif, vpr, tat, rev, vpu, env, and nef.

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