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Justifications and Excuses 2025

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The document discusses the philosophical distinction between justifications and excuses, particularly in moral and legal contexts. Marcia Baron explores the complexities of these concepts, focusing on whether actions based on reasonable but mistaken beliefs can be justified or merely excused. She argues for a view of justification that ties it to reasonable belief rather than truth, contending that this perspective allows for a more nuanced understanding of moral culpability. The paper examines various objections to this view and highlights underlying disagreements about the nature of justification and its implications in both law and ethics.

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What is the difference between excuses and justifications?

A justification renders an action right, permissible, not wrongful, or not punishable. An excuse means that the offender is not blameworthy or, at least, not punishable.

What is an example of justification and excuse?

An example is that breaking into someones home during a fire in order to rescue a child inside, is justified. If the same act is done in the reasonable but mistaken belief that there was a fire, then the act is excused.

What is the difference between justification and reason?

Modern philosophical literature distinguishes between explanatory reasons and justifying reasons. The former are reasons we appeal to in attempting to explain actions and attitudes. The latter are reasons we appeal to in attempting to justify them.

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