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Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume with heart rate.
Cardiac output, expressed in liters/minute, is the amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute. Cardiac output is logically equal to the product of the stroke volume and the number of beats per minute (heart rate).
The product of pressure and flow = (mean arterial pressureRAP)cardiac output =90.35=451.5. To convert to a normal resting CPO of 1.0 W, the product of pressure and flow is divided by the constant of 451 (or multiplied by constant of 2.22103 W).
Common methods of measuring cardiac output include the pulmonary artery catheter, transpulmonary thermodilution, pulse contour analysis, esophageal Doppler and bioreactance technology. Perioperative optimization of cardiac output with targeted fluid challenges reduces postoperative complications and mortality.
Values for cardiac output are usually denoted as L/min. For a healthy individual weighing 70 kg, the cardiac output at rest averages about 5 L/min; assuming a heart rate of 70 beats/min, the stroke volume would be approximately 70 mL.
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Normal cardiac output ranges from 5 to 6 liters per minute in a person at rest. While exercising, an athlete can have a cardiac output of more than 35 liters per minute. A non-athletes cardiac output will be lower than an athletes but higher than when the non-athlete is at rest.
Cardiac output in humans is generally 5-6 L/min in an at-rest to more than 35 L/min in elite athletes during exercise. HR is determined by signals from the sinoatrial node, which automatically depolarizes at an intrinsic rate of 60 to 100 times each minute.
The bodys demand for oxygen changes, such as during exercise, and the cardiac output is altered by modulating both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV). As a result, the regulation of cardiac output is subject to a complex mechanism involving the autonomic nervous system, endocrine, and paracrine signaling pathways.

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