Ap biology reading guide fred and theresa holtzclaw chapter 9 2025

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During cellular respiration, NADH and ATP are used to make glucose. ATP synthase acts as both an enzyme and a channel protein. The carbons from glucose end up in ATP molecules at the end of cellular respiration. Energy is stored within the chemical bonds within the glucose molecule.
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes produce the same amount of ATP which is thought to be 38 ATPs. Some textbooks state that the net yield is 36 ATPs in eukaryotes because 2 ATPs are used up to power cellular respiration itself in moving 2 NADH molecules into a mitochondrian (38 ATPs - 2 ATPs = 36 ATPs).
Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways.
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What is Pyruvate? Pyruvate is the conjugate base of pyruvic acid. It is a key intermediate in many biological processes. It is produced at the end of the glycolysis process and is the connecting link of various biochemical processes such as gluconeogenesis, fermentation, cellular respiration, fatty acid synthesis, etc.
Glucose is used as food by the plant and oxygen is a by-product. Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. Water and carbon dioxide are by- products and ATP is energy that is transformed from the process.
The two acetyl carbon atoms will eventually be released on later turns of the cycle; thus, all six carbon atoms from the original glucose molecule are eventually incorporated into carbon dioxide. Each turn of the cycle forms three NADH molecules and one FADH2 molecule.
Pyruvate is the end product that results from glycolysis. While pyruvate does not have a role in the glycolytic reaction, it can be fermented into lactic acid or ethanol. This fermentation process will cause NADH to be oxidized into NAD+ which will go back into glycolysis to ensure that this pathway continues.
How is oxygen used in cellular respiration? Oxygen is used as the end electron acceptor for the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. It allows electrons to be transferred through the electron transport chain in order to create an electrochemical gradient for hydrogen to create ATP.

why is pyruvate a key juncture in metabolism