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The nucleotide sequence of a gene, through the medium of mRNA, is translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein by rules that are known as the genetic code. This code was deciphered in the early 1960s. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule is read consecutively in groups of three.
Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. A few genes produce other molecules that help the cell assemble proteins. The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. It consists of two major steps: transcription and translation.
What is the difference in the amino acid sequence of the hemoglobin molecules synthesized by translating the sickle cell vs. normal hemoglobin mRNA molecules? Each complete hemoglobin protein has more than 100 amino acids. Sickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid.
The mRNA interacts with a specialized complex called a ribosome, which "reads" the sequence of mRNA nucleotides. Each sequence of three nucleotides, called a codon, usually codes for one particular amino acid. (Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.)
In the 1950s, Vernon Ingram demonstrated that the only structural difference between normal adult hemoglobin and sickle-cell hemoglobin is the replacement of glutamic acid with valine in the \u03b2-globin amino acid chain (Ingram, 1957; 1959).
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The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. It consists of two major steps: transcription and translation. Together, transcription and translation are known as gene expression.
The sequence of amino acids in the protein determines the structure and function of the protein. For example, the defective enzyme that results in albinism has a different amino acid sequence than the normal enzyme for synthesizing melanin. A gene directs the synthesis of a protein by a two-step process.
4:53 6:27 Transcription and Translation: From DNA to Protein - YouTube YouTube Start of suggested clip End of suggested clip So in this two-step. Process DNA is transcribed into an mRNA. And then this mRNA is translated intoMoreSo in this two-step. Process DNA is transcribed into an mRNA. And then this mRNA is translated into a protein all simply by obeying the base pairing that occurs in nucleic acids.
Transcription. Process during which a DNA sequence of a gene is copied to make an RNA molecule. Translation. Process during which an mRNA molecule is used to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains.
3:24 5:41 Transcription & Translation | From DNA to RNA to Protein - YouTube YouTube Start of suggested clip End of suggested clip Remember RNA has the nucleotides. You see a and G any pairing of three RNA nucleotides will code forMoreRemember RNA has the nucleotides. You see a and G any pairing of three RNA nucleotides will code for a specific amino acid. There are 61 codons that each code for one of 20 amino acids.

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