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The process of increasing the percentage of Uranium-235 from 0.7 percent in natural uranium to about 3 to 5 percent for use in fuel for nuclear reactors. Enrichment can be done through gaseous diffusion, gas centrifuges, or laser isotope separation.
During fabrication, UF6 (typically enriched to between 2% and 5% U-235) is converted to UO2 powder. A ceramic process is then used to convert the UO2 powder to pellets, which are mechanically loaded into metal rods. The rods are then constructed into finished fuel assemblies for nuclear reactors.
The enrichment process requires the uranium to be in a gaseous form. This is achieved through a process called conversion, where uranium oxide is converted to a different compound (uranium hexafluoride) which is a gas at relatively low temperatures.
The most efficient current enrichment method is the gas centrifuge. This section considers the fundamental physical principles and the main engineering challenges of centrifuges and describes how they work and are built.
The nuclear fuel cycle consists of several steps: mining, milling, conversion, enrichment, fuel fabrication and electricity generation.

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The final step in the nuclear fuel cycle is the collection of spent fuel assemblies from the interim storage sites for final disposition in a permanent underground repository. The United States currently has no permanent underground repository for high-level nuclear waste.
Uranium can be enriched by separating isotopes of uranium with lasers. Molecules can be excited by laser light; this is called photoexcitation. Lasers can increase the energy in the electrons of a specific isotope, changing its properties and allowing it to be separated.
The conversion process consists of removing impurities, combining the purified Uranium with anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride and fluorine gas in a series of chemical reactions, cooling the UF6 to liquid form, further cooling it to solid form, and shipping it to an enrichment plant.
The fission process, by which heat energy is released in a nuclear reactor, takes place mainly with 235U. As most nuclear power plants require fuel with a 235U concentration of 3\u20135%, the proportion of the 235U isotope must be increased. This process is known as enrichment.
Uranium dioxide is produced by reducing uranium trioxide with hydrogen. This reaction plays an important part in the creation of nuclear fuel through nuclear reprocessing and uranium enrichment.