CALIFORNIA COMPENDIUM OF PLAGUE CONTROL, 2011 A-2025

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  1. Click ‘Get Form’ to open the CALIFORNIA COMPENDIUM OF PLAGUE CONTROL, 2011 A in the editor.
  2. Begin by reviewing Part I, which covers Plague Ecology in California. Familiarize yourself with the sections on the causative agent and history of plague to understand the context.
  3. Move to Part II for Laboratory Testing. Fill out any required fields regarding human and animal plague testing as specified in the document.
  4. In Part III, Surveillance and Control, ensure you note any relevant data about plague surveillance activities that may need to be reported.
  5. Finally, review Part IV on Plague Preventive Measures. Complete any checklists or recommendations based on your findings and observations.

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Ground squirrels are troublesome pests for homeowners and gardeners alike. They forage above ground for their food, usually within a 75-yard radius of their burrows. Since their diet revolves around green grasses and plants, a ground squirrel can do serious damage to a lawn or garden.
Ground squirrels are associated with the spread of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rat bite fever, tularemia, Chagas disease, adiospiromycosis, and encephalomycarditis. Notably, they can serve as reservoirs for sylvatic (bubonic) plague, a highly infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis.
The 1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak was the last instance of aerosol transmission of the plague in the United States. A person is infected when they breathe in particles of Yersinia pestis, a bacterium transmitted by rat fleas, in the air.
The rodents most commonly associated with plague in Yosemite are ground squirrels and chipmunks, but any mammal can potentially be infected. Domestic cats and sometimes dogs are susceptible to plague infection and can transmit the disease to their owners if not treated promptly.
Ground squirrels carry a lot of fleas. There may be up to 25 fleas on each squirrel, and a large colony can house thousands of fleas in one burrow system. Ground squirrels are susceptible to diseases like plague and tularemia, and entire colonies may be wiped out by these diseases.

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You can minimize your exposure to plague by educating yourself about this disease, and by carefully following the precautions listed in this pamphlet. The most important wild rodents that can carry the disease are squirrels (especially ground squirrels), chip- munks, woodrats, mice and marmots.
In August 2015, plague was diagnosed for 2 persons who had visited Yosemite National Park in California, USA. One case was septicemic and the other bubonic. Subsequent environmental investigation identified probable locations of exposure for each patient and evidence of epizootic plague in other areas of the park.
From 1927 through 2020, 64 human plague cases have been reported from California. Almost all of these cases were associated with wild rodent plague activity and often involved California ground squirrels (Otospermophilus beecheyi) and their fleas.

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