Nonlinear effects for three-terminal heat engine and refrigerator 2025

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A refrigerator is a reversed heat engine, where heat is pumped from a body at low temperature to a body at high temperature. Any refrigerating system is a heat pump, which extracts heat from a cold body and delivers it to a hot body. A heat engine is a system which converts Thermal energy into Mechanical Energy.
In a nutshell, a Refrigerator is a machine that generates cool air, a Heat pump is a sort of refrigerator that absorbs heat from a cool system and distributes it to heat systems, and lastly, a heat engine is an engine that is used to change thermal energy (heat) into mechanical energy.
So, the fundamental difference between a heat engine and a refrigerator is the direction of heat transfer and the thermodynamic cycle they follow, with the direction of heat transfer being governed by the Carnot cycle for a heat engine and the reverse Carnot cycle for a refrigerator.
In general, an engine is any machine that converts energy to mechanical work. Heat engines distinguish themselves from other types of engines by the fact that their efficiency is fundamentally limited by Carnots theorem of thermodynamics.
The relation between efficiency of a heat engine and the co-efficient of performance of a refrigerator is: =11 =11+

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Refrigerators extract heat from the interior and expel it to the external environment, maintaining a temperature below room temperature. Heat pumps, on the other hand, transfer heat from a colder area to a warmer area in heating mode and remove heat from space in cooling mode.
Refrigerators and heat pumps are essentially the same device; they only differ in their objectives. Reversing the Carnot cycle does reverse the directions of heat and work interactions. A refrigerator or heat pump that operates on the reversed Carnot cycle is called a Carnot refrigerator or a Carnot heat pump.
Refrigerators create cold air with a compressor, whereas heat engines create hot air with a fan. Unlike a combustion engine, a refrigerator (or heat pump) operates in the other direction. At temperature T2, a refrigerators operating substance absorbs heat Q2 from a cold region.

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