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The abnormal chromosome 22 is known as the Philadelphia chromosome. This chromosomal alteration creates a fusion gene called BCR-ABL1. This gene produces a protein called a tyrosine kinase that causes the leukemia cells to grow and divide out of control.
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors TKIs work to block these overactive enzymes and may stop cancer cells from growing. TKIs are pills taken by mouth. They are generally not used alone to treat ALL. Instead, they are added to other medications, such as a combination chemotherapy regimen.
The Philadelphia chromosome (Ph), t(9;22), is seen in about 20 % to 30 % of adults diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It has been associated with poorer prognosis compared with Ph-negative ALL.
The prevalence of Ph+ ALL increases with age, ranging from 5% of pediatric ALL to 25% of adult ALL and nearly 50% of elderly patients above 60 years of age [2]. Traditionally, Ph+ ALL has been associated with poor long-term outcomes, with a five-year survival rate of less than 20% [3].
The Philadelphia chromosome forms when chromosome 9 and chromosome 22 break and exchange parts. This creates a short chromosome 22 and a new combination of instructions for the cells. These new instructions can lead to the development of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
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The Philadelphia chromosome In the past, having leukemia cells with the Ph chromosome (referred to as Ph-positive ALL, or Ph+ ALL) used to mean a less favourable prognosis. Today targeted therapy drugs are used to treat Ph+ ALL, so the prognosis for this cancer is more favourable.
Adults with B-ALL have a much worse outcome and survival rates decline with age, to as low as 1020% in the elderly (1). Prognosis of patients with relapsed and/or refractory ALL (r/r ALL) is particularly poor, with most studies reporting 5-year overall survival rates of 10% (2,3).
Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), also referred to as BCR-ABL1like ALL, is a high-risk subset with a gene expression profile that shares docHub overlap with that of Ph-positive (Ph+) ALL and is suggestive of activated kinase signaling.

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