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Shoreline hardening, the construction of seawalls or revetments, interrupts natural shoreline retreat, causing waves to erode the sand. This accelerates the coastal erosion on neighbouring properties, and dooming a beach to drown in place as the ocean continues to rise.
Of the three islands, Maui beaches experienced the highest rates and greatest extent of beach erosion with 85% of beaches eroding. Erosion is the dominant trend of coastal change on all three islands with 71% of beaches eroding on Kauai and 60% of beaches eroding on Oʻahu.
Coastal erosion is expected to docHubly increase on Kauaʻi, doubling its historic rate by 2050 and leading to partial or total loss of 90% of beaches by 2100.
ing to estimates by scholars at the University of Hawaii, warming oceans and rising sea levels will increase the rate of erosion on Kauai by more than 50% by 2050. It could mean the loss of most, if not all, of the islands beaches by 2100.
Most Hawaii beaches are composed of a mix of sediment derived from adjacent reefs and from the volcanic rock of the islands. Sediment availability and transport are important factors in shoreline change, and human interference in natural processes appears to have impacted the measured rates of change.

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Koolau Range, mountains paralleling for 37 miles (60 km) the eastern coast of Oahu island, Hawaii, U.S. The range was formed by volcanic eruptions and has an average width of 13 miles (21 km).
Hawaiis coastal erosion rates generally range from 0.5 to 1 ft/year.
The island of Oahu consists of two main shield volcanoes, each with numerous parasitic vents. Erosion has deeply dissected these great shield volcanoes, leaving long narrow ridges. Waianae Range, on the west, is 1,280 m high and 35 km long; the Koolau Range on the east is 992 m high and 59 km long (Fig. 1).

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