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hello my name is jeff schalleberger and im going to talk to you a little bit about a technique called x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy or xps uh we offer this here in the materials characterization lab at penn state uh you may have also heard the term esca used thats exactly the same technique it stands for electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis xps is by far the more commonly used terms thats what ill use throughout my presentation here xps is based on the photoelectric effect the photoelectric effect is we shine light onto a solid sample and we uh that light in our case in the form of low energy x-rays ejects electrons that were originally bound to the atoms in the material and we knock those electrons off into the vacuum and ultimately measure these with a spectrometer the equation that describes the photoelectric effect is shown here very simple equation this is actually what albert einstein won his nobel prize for in 1921 for some work he did explaining this effect in 19
