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to basically lay the background um Im sure we you know we all now its very common knowledge now that democracy requires legitimate elections and a fundamental element for for elections to be seen as legitimate tools I think a key component is what political scientists call losers consent so the losers must accept their Fates essentially and and losers can only accept uh the outcome of Elections if the elections are seen as credible um and what constitutional designers then have to do is find ways establish the institutional mechanisms to ensure that elections are actually seen as credible and there are three key design options two are quite common and one is rare and and that is what were talking about today the first one is that most countries uh generally increasingly in the Constitution but also through other legislation establish independent electoral management bodies they can have different names but their purpose essentially to take the management of Elections out of the gove