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in this video I want to talk about the conditional independence assumption and the role that this plays in the causal interpretation of econometrics so the idea here is that were trying to evaluate whether infrastructure spending within a given district within a conflict area actually causes a decline in violence within that area and we spoke about in the last few videos how if the level of infrastructure spending which a region receives is randomly assigned so independent of that particular area areas characteristics so di is equal to 0 for some states and di is equal to 1 foot some other states and the status in terms of infrastructure spending is randomly assigned then in that situation we know that the simple difference of means so Delta mu actually evaluates to the average causal effect in this video I want to talk about the situation when we cannot assume that di is randomly assigned so that means that we cant write that the potential level of violence in a state have they rece