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In this lesson, we explore express trusts, focusing on declarations. For an express trust to be validly declared, it must be articulated either verbally or in writing, as established in the landmark case of Re Vandervell Trusts. Importantly, the interpretation of these declarations hinges not on the original speaker’s intent, but on what a reasonable bystander would perceive. This establishes that the declaration is assessed through an objective standard. Additionally, the settlor must demonstrate a clear intention to create the trust, meaning they intended to legally obligate a third party as the trustee. Reference is made to the case of McCormick and Grogan to further illustrate these principles.