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Hello and welcome everybody to todayamp;#39;s lecture about protection of electrical power systems. Our topic today is Earth fault protection and earth fault protection always is structurally related to the neutral point treatment because the neutral point treatment controls the earth protection. So, letamp;#39;s start with the neutral point treatment and some information about a little bit statistics. As you can see in high-voltage schemes / high-voltage systems, for example 110 kV, there is an enormous proportion of earth faults shown in dark blue versus short circuits. So, in these grids earth faults are the faults. In contrast to that on the other side - in medium or low voltage medium voltage system, for example cable systems, we have more short circuits than earth faults. And in the typical medium voltage range of 20 kV we have both bad things from both sides: we have from the high voltage side the big proportion of earth faults and from low voltage side a high proportion of sh