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In this lesson, we explore express trusts, focusing on their declaration. For an express trust to be validly declared, it must be articulated in words or writing, as established in the case of Ray van der Waals Trust. The key criterion for determining this declaration is not the speaker's intent but the interpretation of a reasonable bystander, adhering to an objective test. Additionally, certain requirements must be met, including demonstrating the settlor's intention to create the trust. This entails ensuring that the settlor intended to legally bind a third party to act as the trustee. The case of McCormick and Grogan provides further context regarding these principles.