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this is an overview of Randall a military grade cipher released into the public domain and adopted by NIST as the advanced encryption standard encryption is the process of taking plaintext and applying a key in some clever way to produce an unbreakable cipher Randall is a block cipher processing 16 bytes at a time a bytes hex value can be broken into upper and lower nibble which written Dahl makes use of as we shall see each step in this process changes the bytes of plaintext so at any point in the process we refer to them as the current state first lets look at the encryption process this is a series of transformations beginning with an initial round and finishing with a final round in the middle a round of four transformations is applied repeatedly for 128 bit key ten rounds are used this is sufficient to protect classified information up to the secret level top-secret information requires longer keys lets look at these four transformations in detail sub bytes shift rows mix colum