Cut off state in XPS smoothly

Aug 6th, 2022
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How to Cut off state in XPS

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hello friends welcome to the second part of the complete series on photoemission spectroscopy in the previous video we have seen the basic principles and instrumentation of xps if you have missed that video you can find the link for the first video in description box now lets talk about the spectra obtained from the xps instrument we have seen that the instrument gives a plot of kinetic energy versus the number of electrons counted so number of electrons counted is plotted in y-axis and kinetic energy is plotted in x-axis so now you can see that it starts from the lower kinetic energy in the left and goes to higher kinetic energy in right as normally a graph is plotted but in most of the modern instruments kinetic energy is converted to binding energy with the formula h nu is equals to binding energy plus kinetic energy plus phi therefore the lower kinetic energy becomes higher binding energy and higher kinetic energy becomes lower binding energy this means now x-axis starts from hig

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Shake-up satellites: distinct peaks a few eV below the main line. Shake-off satellites: broad feature at lower energy w.r.t. to main line. energy loss). n: e density, e: charge of e, m: mass of e electron.
The oxidation state of an atom is equal to the total number of electrons which have been removed from an element (producing a positive oxidation state) or added to an element (producing a negative oxidation state) to docHub its present state.
Because XPS is a surface technique, there is a limited amount of organic information XPS can provide. XPS is limited to measurements of elements having atomic numbers of 3 or greater, making it unable to detect hydrogen or helium. XPS spectra also take a long time to obtain.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a non-destructive in-house method that has been used since the early 1970s to determine the oxidation states of metals, including manganese, at the near-surface of materials.
XPS is a surface sensitive technique because only those electrons generated near the surface escape and are detected. The photoelectrons of interest have relatively low kinetic energy.
Atoms of a higher positive oxidation state exhibit a higher binding energy due to the extra coulombic interaction between the photoemitted electron and the ion core. This ability to discriminate between different oxidation states and chemical environments is one of the major strengths of the XPS technique.
The oxidation state of an element is related to the number of electrons that an atom loses, gains, or appears to use when joining with another atom in compounds. It also determines the ability of an atom to oxidize (to lose electrons) or to reduce (to gain electrons) other atoms or species.
To calculate the oxidation state for carbon, use the following guidelines: In a C-H bond, the H is treated as if it has an oxidation state of +1. For carbon bonded to a more electronegative non-metal X, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or the halogens, each C-X bond will increase the oxidation state of the carbon by 1.

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