Bind period in XPS in a few clicks

Aug 6th, 2022
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How to bind period in XPS

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myself and others have noted that thereamp;#39;s been a lot of issues in the literature with interpretation of xps spectra and in particular the interpretation of the metals the transition metals xbs thereamp;#39;s been kind of a proliferation of faulty data uh ongoing within the community where thereamp;#39;s some sighting of erroneous data and this is even happening in high impact and well well-regarded journals so the point kind of is that xbs is not just a point and shoot type technique there is a need for expertise on both the analysis side and on the interpretation side of things um and so i and many others in the xps community and these are just some of the the the publications that weamp;#39;ve put forward in that regard uh have been working to kind of fix this and i know this is not just an xbs issue thereamp;#39;s been struggles in the broader analytical community with these sorts of problems some of the work here uh we started back in kind of before i started back in ab

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Adventitious carbon contamination is commonly used as a charge reference for XPS spectra. C1s spectrum for contamination typically has C-C, C-O-C, and O-C=O. components. The C-C component may be set to a binding energy of 284.8eV, by default.
It is easy to show that the effective probing depth is equal to 3 . The core-level binding energy in XPS is directly calculated from the measured kinetic energy of detected photoelectrons from Einsteins relation(3) E B = h - E kin where is the energy of the incident photons.
The XPS binding energy of an atom is a measure of the electronic environment of the atom. Decreasing the electron density of an atom (such as a C-O bond compared with a C-C bond) increases the binding energy of the atom.
The shifts in the XPS peak is related to its oxidation state and higher shift in binding energy corresponds to higher oxidation state.
Since the mass defect goes up, the mass of the combined nucleus is smaller than the combined masses of the original nuclei, and the missing mass is released as energy. Similarly, if you split or fission a nucleus that is heavier than iron the mass defect also goes up, and energy is released.
Chemical shifts in XPS spectra are observed when an element enters a different bound state, which results in changes in the binding energy of core electrons. In general, increased oxidation state (removal of valence electrons) increases the Binding Energy and addition of valence electrons decreases the Binding Energy.
The N 1s XPS binding energy (B.E.) region (395408 eV), observed by different groups (Tabbal et al., 1996; Zheng et al., 1997), revealed the presence of four N 1s peaks at different energies: N1 (398399 eV); N2 (399400.5 eV); N3 (401403 eV); and N4 (404 1 eV).

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